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| A view from the public footpath, May 2000 | View showing house and bridge, June 2008 | |
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| Side view of the house in March 2010 | Bridge over the moat, March 2010 | |
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| Side view in August 2015 | Rear view by telephoto lens in Aug 2015 |
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| A view from the public footpath, May 2000 | View showing house and bridge, June 2008 | |
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| Side view of the house in March 2010 | Bridge over the moat, March 2010 | |
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| Side view in August 2015 | Rear view by telephoto lens in Aug 2015 |
My first visit to this area was in 2000 but when I walked past Holford Hall in March 2010, the view was much reduced by the growth of vegetation at the edge of the moat. An application had been made to divert the public footpath from its current route past the hall. Returning in August 2015, we found that the path had been diverted and the hedge grown so high on the part of the footpath still accessible, that the hall could hardly be seen at all. Moreover there was a sign indicating that Ladybarn Corporation of Salford was applying for an alcohol and entertainment licence at the premises. By good fortune, a tanker of liquid gas arrived for the central heating and I was able to take a picture through the side gate as shown immediately above.
Usually, the most modern and academic description of historic sites comes from Niklaus Pevsner's Buildings of England. However, in his volume on Cheshire, he includes only two sentences on Holford Hall -" Part of a timber-framed mansion approached by a stone bridge across the moat with two semicircular, heavily decorated projections. The gabled front is gaily decorated by concave-sided lozenges, double-curved diagonal braces, and angle pilastres." Arthur Mee also has only a few words on the Hall - "An old bridge across the moat to the hall, near a wooded stream known as the Peover Eye is a pleasant setting for the timbered house with its quaint gables and fine bay windows, which, 300 years ago was the home of Lady Mary Cholmondley, whose law suits were the tlk of Cheshire in her day, one of them lastsing 40 years." As a result I have had to rely on a number of other sources.
I am grateful to Patricia Cox of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire who kindly supplied me with the four pictures below. They are from two articles in Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire published in 1907 and 1914. I append the following information from the article in which the pictures appeared with added comments.
Images 1 & 2 by Arthur Wolfgang, ‘Holford Hall’ Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 59 (1907), 161. He says little in his note, other than that the hall and estate were owned by ‘a large chemical company’ and that the Manchester Press had reported that the Hall ‘will shortly be pulled down’. (At that date, the chemical company would be Brunner Mond, which later became part of Imperial Chemical Industries. There was brine pumping nearby.)
Images 3 & 4 by Arthur Wolfgang, ‘Holford Hall’ Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 66 (1914), 255-6. These are photographs taken in 1883 by the late K M Bean shortly before the demolition of one of the wings. The trees seem to have grown since the similar view from 1880 shown in the book by Figueiredo and Treuherz. This article quotes from a letter sent to J P Earwaker by G H Rowbotham in 1892, bemoaning perceived inaccuracies in Philips' etchings of Lancashire and Cheshire Old Halls and also mentions an article in Cheshire Sheaf (reference given as 3rd series, x. 2142) which apparently includes an illustration.
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| 1. From the East | 2. From the South-East | |
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| 3. Gable End in 1883 | 4. The part demolished is on the right |
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| Holford painted and etched by N.G. Philips |
I am grateful to Barry Clare for sending me a copy of the etching of Holford Hall by N. G. Philips. It appears in Views of the Old Halls Lancashire & Cheshire by N. G. Philips, published by Henry Gray of Leicester Square, London in 1893. Nathaniel George Philips (1795–1831) was an English painter trained in Edinburgh. He was the youngest son of John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester, where he was born on 9 June 1795. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School, and entered the University of Edinburgh. A private income allowed him to go to Italy for three years. On the death of Henry Fuseli in 1825, he was elected to fill his place as a member of the Academy of St. Luke. He settled as an artist in Liverpool. Philips, who also practised etching, died unmarried at his residence, Rodney Street, Liverpool, on 1 August 1831. Philips exhibited landscapes at the Liverpool Academy and the Royal Manchester Institution. The work by which he is best remembered is a series of twenty-eight engravings on copper, many of them from his own drawings, of old halls in Lancashire and Cheshire. These were originally issued in 1822–4 (possibly only 25 then printed). All were reissued in book form in 1893 with commentaries by various authors. (Information from Wikipedia.)
J. P Earwaker, author of East Cheshire Past and Present, published in 1877, wrote an article on Holford Hall for the book. Earwaker was critical of the view that Philips had drawn and engraved as it was not accurate and missed a distinctive feature of the building. After relating briefly the history of the Holford family he makes the following comments. The house is mentioned by Webb in King's Vale Royal published in 1621. The early history is not mentioned by Earwaker. Cheshire Notes and Queries; An Illustrated Quarterly Journal, Vol. VII, New Series, 1902 contains an article by Sarah Cork of Delamere on the Holfords and Holford Hall. No references are given for the origin of the information and it may be drawn in part from Sir Peter Leicester's Historical Antiquities, printed in 1673, or from George Ormerod's The History of the County Palatine and City of Chester, first published in London in 1819.
Holford village adjoins the ancient manors of Lostock and Plumley. About 1119 this manor was given by Roger de Mainwaring to the Abbey of Chester under which it was held by Mesne lords until the dissolution. About 1227, half the manor passed in marriage with Joan, daughter of Richard de Lostock, who was heir to her two brothers, who had died without issue. Joan married William de Toft, younger brother of Roger de Toft, whose posterity settled at Holford and assumed the name of Holford. Joan had a son, Roger de Holford.
Earwaker's article picks up the story and what follows is largely drawn from this source with additions from other publications
Holford Hall, in the township of Plumley, in the parish of Great Budworth and in the chapelry of Nether Peover, is now a farm-house; for many generations the residence of the Holfords, and of the Cholmondleys. The Holfords trace their descent from a certain Toft (so called from an adjacent manor), who married Joan, daughter of Richard de Lostock. Joan ultimately became her brother's heiress and so carried the estate to her husband, and her eldest son and heir was generally styled Roger de Holford, from the place of residence as was then customary. He died in 1330 without issue, but was succeeded by his brother, Henry de Holford, whose descendants continued the line for many generations. Sir George Holford of Holford, Knt., was Sheriff of Cheshire in 1524, as was his son and successor, Sir John Holford in 1541.
The last direct male descendant of this family, who owned Holford Hall, was Christopher Holford of Holford, who died on the 27 January, 1581-2. (i.e. 1581 on the old Julian Calendar but 1582 on the Gregorian Calendar which was introduced in 1582.) He had survived his only son and heir apparent Thomas Holford, who died in 1562 by nearly twenty years. This Christopher left an only daughter and heiress, Mary Holford, baptized at Nether Peover on 20 January 1562, who married Sir Hugh Cholmondley of Cholmondley in Cheshire Knt. and so carried the Holford estates into that family.
Directly after the death of Christopher Holford, long and tedious law-suits took place between his brother, George Holford of Newborough, county of Chester, Esq., and Lady Mary Holford (his niece) with reference to the Holford Estates. These suits, which lasted nearly forty years were, however, finally settled by the mediation of friend; the estates were divided between the two claimants. Holford Hall and the surrounding lands, together with lands in Lostock Gralam and Nether Peover were awarded to Lady Cholmondley whilst George Holford had the manor of Iscoit in the county of Flint, and the remaining portion of the land in Cheshire.
Lady Mary Cholmondley survived her husband , who died in 1601, for many years, and resided much at Holford Hall, which according to Sir Peter Leycester, who wrote some fifty years later "she builded new repaired and enlarged." She died in August 1625 and was buried at Malpas, on the 16th of that month. (My photographs of the tomb are on my Malpas page.) The entry of her burial in the regiseer reads "Madame Ladye Marye Cholmonldeleigh, wydow (wyffe of Sir Hugh Cholmondeleigh, Knight, late of Chomeleye, buried the xvith daye of Auguste 1625.
Lady Mary had five sons and three daughters among whom were: Robert Lord Cholmondeley; Hatton Cholmondeley (died in 1605); Hugh Cholmondeley, from whom the Cholmondleys of Vale Royal; and Thomas Cholmondeley.
She was then about 63 years of age, and had been termed by King James I, "the Bold Lady of Cheshire," probably with reference to the persistency with which she defended her rights to the Holford estates after her husband's death. Webb, writing in the King's Vale Royall, in 1621, thus speaks of her:- "We presently come to Holford, a stately House, and lately the seat of the great and worshipfulll race of the Holfords, whereof the last owner, Christopher Holford, Esquire, left no male issue and so the same descended to his only daughter and heir, the Lady Mary Cholmley, late wife of the last Sir Hugh Cholmley, deceased, and father now of the noble Baronet, Sir Rober Cholmley, a Lady of great worth, dignity and revenue.
(Note that baronetcies were not introduced until 1611, when James I granted them to 200 gentlemen of good birth with an income of at least £1000 a year; in return for which each was required to pay the upkeep of thirty soldiers for three years amounting to £1,095.)
When she rebuilt Holford Hall, she filled many of the chief windows with heraldic stained glass, as was the fashion; and when Elias Ashmole visited the Hall in 1663, he made notes of what he then saw, which are preserved in the MSS. in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (Ashmole MSS.,854). "Armes set up in the Dyning Roome windowes at Mr. Cholmondeley's house in Holford, and, as I guess in the time of King James." Then follows carelful sketches of the following arms: Minshull impaling Shakerley, Leicester of Tabley, Shakerley impaling Beeston, Warburton impaling Holcroft, Booth (miscalled Warburton) impaling Anderson, Savage impaling Davey, Calveley impaling Cholmondeley. There were also four large quartered shields of Sir Henry Townsend, Knight (9 quarterings); The Lady Arabella (8 quarterings in a lozenge shaped shield); Sir Hugh Cholmondeley (9 quarterings) and The Earl of Derby (12 quarterings). All this heraldic stained glass and all tradition of its existence have long since disappeared.
Lady Mary Cholmondeley was succeded by her eldest son, Sir Robert Cholmondeley, Baronet (created in June 1611) who was aferwards raised to the peerage as Lord Cholmondeley, Baron of Nantwich, in 1645, and as Earl of Leinster in Ireland, in March 1645/6. He was married but died without legitimate issue, in 1659 aged 75.
Holford Hall and estate had been settled on his natural son, Thomas Cholmondeley, Esq., and he became the founder of a short-lived line of the Cholmondeley's of Holford. Thomas served as a Captain on the Royalist side in the Civil War, and dying at Holford was buried at Nether or Lower Peover, where there is a monument to him in the church.
His son, Robert Cholmoneley of Holford, Esq., was High Sheriff of Cheshire in 1687 died at Holford in June 1722 and was succeeded by his son and heir, Robert Cholmondeley, who died in August 1728 without issue. His widow, Jane, daughter of Thomas, Lord Ashbournham, married for he second husband, Seymour Cholmondeley, Esq., of Astle Hall, Chelford, a younger son of the Vale Royal family, who died in 1739. Since then the Holford Hall has passed through several families and now belongs to the family of Brooke, of Mere, near Knutsford.
J.H. Hanshall wrote - "The manors of Plumbley and Holford with Holford Hall were purchased in 1791 by Thomas Langford Brooke, Esq., of Mere, from Thomas Asheton Smith, Esq., to whose grandfather, Thomas Asheton, Esq., they were given by Mrs. Cholmondeley." (History of Cheshire by J. H. Hanshall, published in Chester, 1823.)
In Earwaker's time, the Hall was a farm house and had been much altered since the sketch by N.G. Philips. It was a large handsome house, built of timber and plaster and originally L-shaped. It was surrounded by a moat, crossed a bridge with two arches, having a circular recessed seat in the middle. Earwaker states that the longer of the two wings of the house was standing in its original state within the last seven or eight years but has been entirely pulled down and replaced with brick. The destroyed portion had two gables facing the courtyard and a gable overlooking the moat near the bridge. The upper portion of the building had an overhang in the courtyard supported by five fluted wooden pillars. These were not shown in the illustration by Philips.
However, Earwaker's account is called into question by the report of a trip to the hall by the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarians Society published in their Transactions, Vol. 44, page 112. It states that "one side collapsed through storm and neglect as recently as 1884. Similarly, T. A. Coward, in Picturesque Cheshire, published by Sherratt and Hughes, Manchester, 1903, 2nd ed. 1926 notes: "Only the central part of the old hall remains. A lath and plaster wing dating from 1625 fell suddenly one night." Cheshire Country Houses, by Peter de Figueiredo and Julian Treuhertz, Phillimore, Chichester, 1988 shows a photograph of the hall as it was in 1880 but gives no extra information beyond stating that some of their information was from Ormerod's History of Cheshire i, 672 and the Transactions of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, lxvi, 255.
In modern times a team of local historians under the organisation of Frank A. Latham published Vale Royal, A History of the Abbey and nearby Villages in the Ancient Forest of Delamere in 1993 (ISBN 0 9522284 1 1). In it you will find information on Lady Cholmondeley's acquisition of Vale Royal and her legal disputes. There is also a photograph of her portrait.
Sir Peter Leicester in his book Historical Antiquities, published in 1673, gave the following family tree of the Holfords and Cholmondleys to his time. This family tree is presented as a list of successive owners of the estate. I have made a few additions in brackets.
1. William Toft, younger son of Roger de Toft, Lord of Toft, married Joan, daughter of Richard de Lostock, and sister and heir to Richard and Thomas her brothers, 1277, by whom he had issue Roger de Holford, Henry and Walter. After the death of William Toft, Joan married Thomas Vernon, about the year 1316, (if this is true she must have married William Toft while still a child, not uncommon at that time) and had issue by Thomas, Richard Vernon, from whom the Vernons of Haslington in Cheshire. And after the death of Thomas Vernon she married, William Hallum of Hallum, in Newton juxta Daresbery, in the year 1337.
2. Roger de Holford, son and heir of William Toft and Joan Lostock, living 1316. He assumed the surname of Holford from the place of his residence, as was the manner of those ages, which surname his posterity ever since retained, 1666. He married Margery, daughter of Richard le Dispenser, but died without issue in 1330.
3. Henry Holford, brother and heir to Roger, married Margery daughter of ------- and had issue, William, eldest son and Roger Holford, younger son, to whom his father gave lands in Plumley in 1344.
4. William Holford, son and heir of Henry had to wife Isabel, daughter of ------ and had issue John Holford, son and heir. This William died in the lifetime of his father. Isabel his widow was living in 1347.
5. John Holford, son and heir of William, married Joan, daughter of Roger Bruyn of Stapleford, 1347, and had issue Thomas Holford. John recovered the manor of Holford against Richard Vernon of Lostock-Gralam, 42 Ed III, and sealed usually with his coat of arms, to wit, A Cheveron between three Text Tees; which Cheveron gives the distinction from Toft of Toft, who bear that coat without a Cheveron. John Holford died in 1408
6. Thomas Holford, son and heir of John, married Alice, daughter of William Buckley of Oateworth, and died before his father, to wit, 12 Richard II, leaving issue William Holford.
7. William Holford of Holford, son and heir of Thomas, living 1423. He married Margaret, daughter of Richard Venables of Kinderton and has issue Thomas, son and heir, John and Hugh, Jonet, wife of Randle Brereton of Malpas and Margery. William died 1459.
8. Thomas Holford of Holford, Esq. son and heir of William, married Joan, daughter of Richard Legh de West-hall, in High Legh, and had issue Thomas Holford. Thomas the elder died in 1464.
9. Thomas Holford the younger, Esq. son and heir of Thomas the elder, married Maud, a daughter of William Buckley, Deputy Judge of Chester, 1444, and has issue, George Holford, son and heir; Randle Holford, second son, who had issue Humphrey and Richard; Robert Holford, third son, who had issue John, Philip, Bartholomew, Owen, Matthew and Bryan. Thomas the younger died about 1473.
10. Sir George Holford of Holford, knight, son and heir of Thomas, married Isabel, widow to Lawrence Warren of Pointon in Cheshire, and daughter of Robert Legh of Adlington, Esq. 1475, and had issue John Holford, son and heir; George Holford, another son, 22 Henry VII; Constance who married William son of Edward Bradshaw, 1511. Sir George had four bastard sons - Thomas, Arthur, from whom the Holfords of Davenham; Raufe, and Robert, also Ellen a base daughter, all living 22 Hen VII. Sir George was sheriff of Cheshire, 1524. He bore Lostock's coat in his seal, to wit, A Greyhound, over which, corner-ways, on the dexter angle of the escutcheon, on a helmet, wreath and mantle, a Greyhound's head couped, written above the seal - S. George Holford, militis.
11. Sir John Holford of Holford, knight, son and heir of Sir George, married Margery, sole daughter and heir of Raufe Brereton of Iscort in Flintshire, not far from Whitchurch in Shropshire, 1507, and has issue Thomas Holford, son and heir; Christopher Holford, younger son who married Margaret daughter of Thomas Danyell of Over Tabley, Esq. 1555, from whom the Holfords of London and Essex; Alice a daughter, married Piers Leycester of Nether Tabley, Esq. 1529. I find he was a knight 21 Henry VIII. He was a sheriff of Cheshire, 1541, and died about 1545. Margery his widow married Sir Henry Sacheverell of Moreley in Derbyshire, 1547.
12. Thomas Holford of Holford, Esq. son and heir of Sir John, married Margaret daughter of Sir Thomas Butler of Bewsy, in Lancashire, near Warrington, by whom he had issue Christopher, son and heir. After the death of Margaret, Thomas married Jane the widow of Hugh Dutton, son and heir of Sir Piers Dutton of Dutton and Hatton both, and daughter of Sir William Booth of Dunham Massy; by whom he had issue George Holford of Newborough in Dutton, gentleman; Thomas and John; also Ellen, married to John Carrington of Carrington in Cheshire, Esq.; Dorothy, married to John Bruyn of Stapleford in Cheshire, Esq. and Elizabeth, married to Charles Manwaring of Croxton in Cheshire, Esq. 1560. Thomas died 24 September 1569.
13. Christopher Holford of Holford, Esq. son and heir of Thomas, had also two wives. The first was Anne, daughter of Hugh Dutton and Jane aforesaid, (thus he married his stepsister) by whom he had issue Thomas Holford. John and Ann (presumably two additional children) who died young. The second wife of Christopher was Elizabeth the widow of Peter Shakerley of Houlme juxta Nether-Peover, the daughter and co-heir of Sir Randle Manwaring of Over Peover. They married 13 July 1561 and had issue Mary Holford, baptised at Nether Peover, 20 Jan 1562, who became sole heir to her father. Christopher died 27 January 1581. (Mary Holford built the Holford Chapel at Lower Peover.)
14. Thomas Holford, son and heir of Christopher, married Dorothy daughter of Peter Shakerley of Houlme Esq. and Elizabeth aforesaid the 13th July 1561. (Thus Christopher also married his stepsister). Thomas died without issue and was buried at Nether Peover, 25th Feb. the next following and Dorothy his widow afterwards married Adam Leycester of Tabley Esq. 9 Jan 1582. (Thomas's sister Mary Holford then became heiress.)
15. Sir Hugh Cholmondeley, of Cholmondeley in Cheshire, the younger, married Mary daughter and sole heir of Christopher Holford of Holford, aforesaid, and had issue, Robert Lord Cholmondeley; Hatton Cholmondeley, second son, who died at London, 1605; Hugh Cholmondeley, third son who died before his eldest brother, whose issue afterwards became heirs of Cholmondeley lands; Thomas Cholmondeley, fourth son, from whom the Cholmondleys of Vale-Royal in Cheshire; Francis, died in infancy; Mary, eldest daughter, married Sir George Caveley of Lea nigh Eaton-boat; Lettice married Sir Richard Grosvenor, of Eaton-boat, afterwards baronet; and Frances, youngest daughter, was second wife of Peter Venables of Kinderton, Esq. commonly called baron of Kinderton. (Note that Sir Hugh Cholmondeley and his wife Mary were buried at Malpas and my page shows their effigies.)
Between Lady Mary Cholmondeley, and George Holford, of Newborough in Dutton, brother to Christopher Holford, and now next heir male of the Holfords, happened long and tedious suits concerning Holford lands, which continued above forty years; as last the matter was composed by mediation of friends and the lands parted between them. The Lady Cholmondeley had the manor house of Holford, with the demesne lands thereof, and George Holford had the manor of Iscoit in Flintshire. The lands and tenements of Lostock Gralam, Plumley and Nether-Peover were parted promiscuously, as they are now enjoyed, 1666. George Holford married Jane daughter and heir of Charles Awbrey of Cantriff in Brecknockshire, and widow of Henry Masterson; and by her had issue Thomas Holford and John, twins; Edward, third son, Peter, fourth son, George, Charles and William; also Mary who married William Harcourt of Winshaw, gentleman, 1629, both yet living, 1666. George Holford died 1635 and Thomas Holford of Iscoit, son and heir, died without issue-male. Wherefore his inheritance is descended now unto James Holford of Newborough, son and heir of Peter, the fourth son of George; for all the other brothers of Peter died without issue; but the manor of Iscoit was sold by Thomas Holford, the eldest brother, to Mr. Adams of London. The Lady Mary Cholmondeley survived her husband and lived at her manor-house of Holford, which she built anew, repaired and enlarged, and where she died about 1625 aged 63 years or thereabout. King James termed her The Bold Lady of Cheshire.
16. Robert Cholmondeley of Cholmondeley, son and heir of Sir Hugh and Mary, was created baronet in June 1611, and afterwards created Viscount Cholmondeley of Kells in Ireland, about 1635 and lastly Lord Cholmondeley baron of Wich Malbeng, i.e. Nantwich in Cheshire and also Earl of Leinster in Ireland, 5 March 1645. He married Catherine, sister of Charles Lord Stanhope of Harrington, but had no issue by her. Robert died 1659, aged 75 years, without lawful issue of his body, leaving Robert, eldest son of Hugh Cholmondeley his brother, to succeed in his inheritance. Which Robert was created Viscount Kells in the County of Meath, in Ireland, 29 March 1661. But this Robert, Earl of Leinster, estated Holford lands, which came by his mother, on Thomas Cholmondeley, his son by one Mrs. Goldston, to whom (as some think) he was affianced, though never married to her. (i.e. he died without legitimate issue.)
17. Thomas Cholmondeley, of Holford, Esq. son of Robert Earl of Leinster, married Jane daughter of Edward Holland, of Eyton in Lancashire, Esq. and had issue Robert Cholmondeley, eldest son, aged fifteen years in 1667; Thomas Cholmondeley, second son; Richard, third son, died young in the year 1665. Thomas Cholmondeley died at Holford on 6 January 1667 and was buried at Nether Peover on Thursday, 15 January 1667.
The generations after Sir Peter Leycester's time come from the account by Earwaker in Views of Old Halls in Lancashire and Cheshire,
18. Robert Cholmondeley, son of Thomas, was High Sheriff of Chester in 1687 and died June 1727. He was succeeded by his son Robert.
19. Robert died without issue in 1728. However, his widow, Jane, the daughter of Thomas Lord Ashburton married Seymour Cholmondeley of Astle Hall near Chelford, a younger son of the Vale Royal family who died in 1739.
The Holfords and Cholmondleys used the church of St. Oswald at Lower Peover. The chapel on the north side, which now holds the organ, is the Holford Chapel. In the church is a diamond-shaped brass plaque which relates to the Jane shown in generation 17 above. A second brass, above and to the left is shown in more detail but it is more difficult to read and to photograph. It includes at the bottom right, the date 1667 when Thomas Cholmondeley in generation 17 died.
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| Brass at Lower Peover, 2015 | Brass of the Holford family at St. Oswald's, Lower Peover, 2015 |
The inscription on the plaque above left reads: "Here lyeth the body of Jane Cholmondeley, relict of Thomas Cholmondeley and daughter of Edward Holland of Denton in Lancashire, who departed this life December the 16th 1696, aged 78."
Sources:
The Buildings of England, Cheshire, by Nikolaus Pevsner and Edward Hubbard, Yale University Press, 2003, ISBN 0 300 09588 0
Arthur Mee's Cheshire, published by Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1938; fourth impression 1950.
Views of the Old Halls Lancashire & Cheshire by N. G. Philips, published by Henry Gray of Leicester Square, London in 1893
Webb in King's
Vale Royal published in 1621.
Vale Royal, A History
of the Abbey and nearby Villages in the Ancient Forest of Delamere by Frank A Latham and others, 1993 (ISBN 0 9522284 1 1).
Picturesque Cheshire, by T.A. Coward, published by Sherratt and Hughes, Manchester,
1903, 2nd ed. 1926
Cheshire Notes and Queries; An Illustrated
Quarterly Journal, Vol. VII, New Series, 1902 article by Sarah Cork.
Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarians Society, Vol. 44, page 112.
Cheshire Country Houses,
by Peter de Figueiredo and Julian Treuhertz, Phillimore, Chichester, 1988.
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Introduction to Cheshire Gentry
1.0 Strict 